The Wives of Ashoka: History and Legend

Royal figures from ancient times often wielded tremendous power and influence over their kingdoms and citizens. Among the notable rulers of the Mauryan Empire, Emperor Ashoka stands out as a cultural and religious icon. His reign was marked by profound religious transformation, exemplified by the Buddhist conversion. However, his life was not devoid of personal dynamics, among which his wives played significant roles. This article explores the wives of Ashoka, highlighting their contributions and the legends that surround them.

1. Devi (or Vidisha Mahadevi, Shakya Kumari, or simply Devi)

Devi's story starts from her encounter with the future Emperor Ashoka. While serving as the governor of Ujjain, Ashoka witnessed the beauty of Devi, the daughter of a merchant in Vidisha. Overwhelmed by her charm, he pursued her, and they eventually had two children: Mahendra and Sanghamitra.

Despite her initial inclination, Devi remained in Vidisha, a decision that has various explanations. Some scholars believe this was due to her refusal to abandon her principles, perhaps not aligning with the behaviors of his chief consort, Asandhimitra.

Curiously, in a graffiti found near Vidisha, Ashoka reminisces about his time with an unwedded consort, leading historians to speculate that Devi was this 'Bhoginya' or female companion. Their relationship may never have been officially sanctioned, adding an air of mystery to their story.

2. Karuwaki

Karuwaki, the second wife of Ashoka, holds a unique place in historical records. Found mentioned in the Queen's Edict of the Allahabad Pillar Inscription, she and her charitable works are credited. Their son, Tivara or Tivala, held a significant position but her origins remain obscure. Contrarily, some popular media portrayals, influenced by entertainment and folklore, present her as a Kalinga princess, an assumption devoid of historical evidence.

One theory posits that Karuwaki could have been a different name—Tisyarakshita. Scholars urge caution, highlighting the need for substantiated evidence to validate this assertion.

3. Devi Padmavati (or Padmavati)

Also a prominent queen, Padmavati held a crucial role in Ashoka’s life. She was the mother of Prince Kunal and the beloved consort of Ashoka, whom he greatly esteemed. Her devotion to Buddhism and her unwavering support contributed significantly to Ashoka's spiritual journey.

Tisyarakshita, the earlier chief queen, was a curator of Ashoka's Buddhist practices and his spiritual guide, though her final days were marked by tragedy. This change in rank sparked a new phase in Ashoka's personal life, leading to the ascension of Padmavati. The rivalry among the queens, particularly between Padmavati and the jealous Tisyarakshita, created tension and anguish.

A vivid example of this was Tisyarakshita's vengeance, symbolized by the destruction of the Bodhi Tree, which she attributed to Ashoka’s neglect of her. Her actions not only tarnished her reputation but also juxtaposed patriarchal dynamics among the royal women.

4. Tisyarakshita

One of the more audacious figures, Tisyarakshita’s legacy is a blend of admiration and contempt. Her beauty and power attracted her stepson Prince Kunal, whose rejection further fueled her ambition and jealousy. In a diabolical plot, she manipulated Ashoka to order the blinding of his son, leading to the tragic outcome of Prince Kunal. Her ruthless act ultimately led to her downfall, a somber reflection on the destructive tendencies of royal authority.

5. Concubines and Charumati

Despite their prominence in the royal circle, the wives of Ashoka were not his only companions. Numerous concubines contributed to the ruler's lineage. Among these, Charumati stood out, mothering a daughter from one of these relationships.

These relationships were often complex, intertwining political alliances with personal affections. The interplay of power, love, and ambition played out in the shadow of Ashoka's mighty reign, shaping not just his policies but also his legacy.

Conclusion

The wives of Ashoka, from the enigmatic Devi and Karuwaki to the revered Padmavati and the vengeful Tisyarakshita, each left her indelible mark on his life and reign. Their stories serve as a testament to the multifaceted dynamics at play within the Mauryan royal household during one of the most transformative eras in Indian history. As we delve deeper into these narratives, we uncover layers of human emotion, political intrigue, and spiritual devotion that continue to captivate scholars and history enthusiasts alike.