The Influence of Patron Relationships on Historical Writings: The Case of Polybius and Roman Patrons

One fascinating aspect of historical writings from ancient Rome is the relationship between historians and their patrons. This dynamic can significantly shape the content, perspective, and even the survival of these works. One notable example is the Greek historian Polybius, who wrote during the second century B.C.E., particularly during his time as a close associate of Roman nobles such as Lucius Aemilius Paullus and his son Publius Cornelius Scipio Aemilianus (also known as Scipio Aemilianus).

Polybius and His Roman Patronage

Polybius had a deep affection and gratitude for his Roman patrons. However, he was acutely aware of the need to balance his personal relationships with his professional standards as an historian. His famous declaration, 'I praise a lover of his friends and of his native country but in writing history, I am obliged to divest myself of all other obligations and sacrifice them all to Truth,' highlights this tension.

Ethical Dilemmas in Historical Narratives

Polybius navigated the complex ethical landscape of historical writing through a careful consideration of various viewpoints. For instance, in his writings about the destruction of Carthage, carried out by his patron Publius Cornelius Scipio Aemilianus, he presented multiple perspectives to avoid offending his patron while still upholding his commitment to truth.

The Various Views Held in Greece

Polybius noted the wide-ranging opinions among his Greek countrymen regarding Roman policy. Some praised the Romans for their strategic and sensitive approach to disposing of the Carthaginian threat. Others criticized the Romans for seeking power in a manner similar to ancient Greek city-states, suggesting that this ambition would ultimately see Rome following the same imperial path as Athens and Sparta.

Still, others defended the Romans, arguing that their actions were respectably open and fair, as they openly engaged in warfare without deceit. They contended that the Romans' use of stratagem and deceit was more characteristic of a monarchical regime than a republican one.

Presenting Diverse Perspectives

Polybius's approach allowed him to present a nuanced view without alienating his patrons. By acknowledging and addressing the varied opinions and interpretations, he crafted a more balanced and comprehensive narrative. This methodical presentation of differing viewpoints not only avoided personal attacks but also enriched the historical record.

Consequences of Unbiased Historiography

From a modern perspective, Publius Cornelius Scipio Aemilianus and his actions might be seen as contradictory to modern ethical standards. If Polybius had judiciously condemned his patron, his work might never have been published, greatly reducing our understanding of ancient Roman history.

Conclusion

The relationship between Polybius and his Roman patrons illustrates the intricate interplay of personal loyalty, historical accuracy, and ethical responsibilities in the craft of historical writing. Polybius's dedication to presenting diverse views, despite political pressures, underscores the importance of balanced storytelling in historiography.