The Evolution of Haredi Ultra-Orthodox Jewish Attitudes Toward Zionism in Israel

Throughout history, Haredi Ultra-Orthodox Jews, particularly the Chassidic community, have exhibited a complex and evolving relationship with Zionism and the founding of the State of Israel.

Original Reactions: Resistance and Opposition

When Zionism first emerged, its ideas faced significant opposition among many Haredi Ultra-Orthodox Jewish groups. This was especially true for those who advocated for a position of strict acceptance of Talmudic and Jewish law, which often rejected secularism and political activism.

One notable group that still expresses anti-Zionist views is known as the Naturei Karta. This subgroup, comprising a specific Chassidic sect, believes that the Messiah will bring all Jews back to Israel. However, they are uniquely pro-Palestinian and militant in their support for organizations such as Hamas and Fatah. Their views, while extreme, are not representative of the broader Haredi community.

Transition and Support for Israel

Over time, many Haredi groups have softened their initial skepticism and embraced the reality of a Jewish state within its current borders. Today, most Haredi groups not only support Israel but are actively involved in its political and social life, including holding positions in the government.

Despite their embrace of Israel, some significant Haredi groups maintain a stance rooted in traditional Talmudic beliefs. The Chassidic sect of Satmar, for example, continues to advocate for the establishment of a cohesive Jewish state under the leadership of the Messiah, rather than an entrenched secular government. However, it is important to note that these groups do recognize and participate in the current Israeli government, which aligns more closely with modern secular ideologies.

Adapting Traditional Principles: The Role of Talmudic Law

The Haredi community's approach to Zionism is largely shaped by their adherence to Talmudic laws, which prescribe specific attitudes and behaviors toward secular governance. According to these laws, Jews must reject and resist Jewish secularism and governance until the arrival of the Messiah. This is based on the concept of the three Oaths mentioned in the Talmud, which prohibit Jewish sovereignty and rulership.

The Talmudic framework, therefore, compels Haredi Jews to be cautious in their support of any form of secular Jewish governance, including Israeli policies and leadership. This does not mean they reject the state itself; rather, they abstain from open, public support of its secular institutions and leaders.

Variations in Attitude

There is a wide range of views within the Haredi community. While the majority is pro-Zionist, this does not mean that all hold the same views on every aspect of the state. Some Haredi Jews may admire Israeli leaders, such as former Prime Minister Shimon Peres, for their contributions to the revival of the Ultra-Orthodox world. However, such admiration does not extend to direct political support of any Israeli governance structure.

Nonetheless, it is crucial to understand the division within the Haredi community. Some extreme groups like the Naturei Karta reject even the concept of a Jewish state, while the majority has come to terms with the reality of modern Israel. The Satmar group represents a nuanced position that aligns with traditional Talmudic beliefs while acknowledging the existence of a Jewish state.

Conclusion

The relationship between Haredi Ultra-Orthodox Jews and Zionism is a complex one, reflecting both deep-seated beliefs and pragmatic considerations. While many adhere to traditional Talmudic principles that discourage direct support of secular governance, the community as a whole has largely come to terms with the concept of a Jewish state, engaging in its political and social life while maintaining a distinct ethical and religious identity.