Why Nepal, Birthplace of Buddha, is Predominantly Hindu?

Nepal, the country that saw the birth of Buddha, is today predominantly Hindu. This curious state of affairs often leads to questions and discussions about the religious history and dynamics of the region. This article aims to shed light on these complex issues, exploring the historical and legal contexts that have shaped the religious landscape of Nepal.

The Religious History of Nepal

Nepal's religious identity has undergone significant changes over the centuries. According to Histories by Christian Lessing, the concept of Hinduism as we know it today did not exist in Nepal during the 5th century when the Buddha was reportedly active. Similarly, the modern form of Hinduism did not exist then either. This raises the intriguing question: why do the people of Nepal follow the Hindu religion today?

The Debate Over Religion and Legal Frameworks

The boundaries of religion are often defined by convention and legal frameworks. For instance, in countries like Malaysia, it is illegal for Muslims to convert to another faith, while in India, the constitution tends to categorize non-Christians and Muslims as "Hindus," an umbrella term encompassing various beliefs and practices. These classifications often reflect broader social and political dynamics rather than strict theological boundaries.

Impact of Historical Events on Nepal

The destruction of Buddhism in India during the 2nd to 3rd centuries AD had a direct impact on Nepal. The flourishing of Vajrayana Buddhism in the Kathmandu valley, particularly among the Newari community, has preserved this unique form of Buddhism. The influence of Bhumi-Tatha, a community in the Kathmandu valley, has enriched the region with its ancient Buddhist practices.

The Role of the Mauryan Emperor Ashoka

In the 3rd century BC, the Mauryan Emperor Ashoka, who had previously followed Buddhism, came to the Kathmandu valley. Surprisingly, he found that Buddhism was already well-established and thriving in the region. According to historian Bethea of the University of Kansas, the Buddhism Ashoka aimed to propagate was already in practice in Kathmandu. This community of Buddhists had built intricate stupas and monasteries, making Kathmandu a center of Buddhist activity.

Preserving the Oldest Form of Buddhism

The Newari community in the Kathmandu valley continues to preserve the oldest form of Buddhism. This community, descendants of the Shakya tribe from Lumbini, Nepal, follows the teachings of Shakyamuni and Padmasambhava, revered figures in Buddhist tradition. The physical and spiritual heritage of these communities is deeply rooted in the local culture and language, which includes Pali and Nepal Bhasa. They use these languages to transmit their sacred texts and mantras.

Buddhist and Hindu Influences in the Kathmandu Valley

The festivals celebrated in the Kathmandu valley often blend elements from both Buddhism and Hinduism. Many observers might perceive these festivals as purely Hindu, but they actually incorporate Vajrayana traditions. The intertwining of these two religions reflects the historical coexistence and mutual influence between them.

The Oldest Buddhism in the World

The Newari Buddhism in the Kathmandu valley is not only ancient but also unique. They follow a Buddhist flag that is said to be the oldest flag in the world, dating back to the Shakya Kingdom in Lumbini, Nepal. This flag, originally known as "Khasti," was later Hinduized by adding symbols of the sun and moon. The reasons behind this religious transformation are still subjects of scholarly debate.

Conclusion

The predominant Hindu religion in Nepal, despite its historical affinity with Buddhism, is a result of complex historical, legal, and cultural factors. The preservation of Vajrayana Buddhism in the Kathmandu valley is a testament to the enduring influence of the Buddha's teachings, even in the face of religious changes and transformations.