Why Did Hungary Choose to Unite with Austria Instead of Russia?

Introduction

The decision of Hungary to join the Austro-Hungarian Empire instead of aligning with Russia can be attributed to several historical and political factors, detailing the lack of choice for Hungary and the complex geopolitical landscape of the time.

First, let's explore the historical context and clarify that the term “Austro-Hungarian Empire” is a later construction. The crown of Hungary passed to the Habsburgs after the Battle of Mohacs, marking a significant turning point in the region’s history.

The Rise of the Habsburgs

The Habsburgs, succeeding to the Hungarian crown in 1526, initially ruled over northeastern Hungary, which was not conquered by the Ottomans. Following the defeat of the Ottoman forces at the Battle of Vienna in 1683, the Habsburgs consolidated their control, defeating a Hungarian revolt led by Count Francis II Rákóczi, and establishing greater autonomy for the Hungarian nobility. These concessions allowed the Habsburgs to maintain stability and support from the Hungarian nobility.

The Habsburg-Austrian Empire and the War of Succession

During the War of Austrian Succession in the 18th century, the Hungarian nobility continued to support the Habsburgs, particularly Queen Maria Theresa, against French and Prussian attacks. This support was crucial for the Habsburgs, ensuring their position as rulers of the Empire.

The Compromise of 1867 and Autonomous Status

With the Ausgleich, or compromise, of 1867, Hungary regained its autonomous status, albeit with shared sovereignty under Franz Joseph, who was Emperor in the Austrian lands but King in the Hungarian crown. This arrangement allowed for a more decentralized form of government, giving Hungary more control over its internal affairs.

Why Hungary Did Not Join Russia

The political and religious differences between Russia and Hungary further solidified Hungary's decision not to join Russia. Russia was seen as an alien power, with an Orthodox Christian faith and oppressive traditions, which starkly contrasted with the predominantly Roman Catholic faith of the Hungarian nobility. Additionally, the distance and lack of cultural affinity made the idea of aligning with Russia impractical and undesirable.

In conclusion, the decision of Hungary to join the Austro-Hungarian Empire, rather than aligning with Russia, was driven by historical, political, and cultural reasons, highlighting the complexity of late medieval and early modern European geopolitics.