Why Did Austria Not Resist the Nazi’s Militarily During Anschluss?

The annexation of Austria (Anschluss) by Nazi Germany in 1938 remains a fascinating and complex topic in the annals of history. Despite Austria's unique position and its internal political dynamics, it did not muster the military or popular opposition that might have prolonged its existence as an independent state. This article delves into the reasons behind this lack of resistance, providing insights into the political and social context of the time.

Political Landscape Pre-Anschluss

Before Hitler, early 1930s Austria was undergoing a significant political transformation. Democracy was waning, and the country was experiencing the rise of various political movements. The main ones were:

Social Democrats: They founded the Austrian Republic but were on a decline. Communists: Though small, they held a strong ideologically conceived position. Christian Conservatives (Austro-Fascists): Leading a movement imitating Italian Fascism, they gained influence. Monarchists: Small but still highly influential, they supported the premise of monarchy. Pro-German Nationalists: Adopting National Socialism, they formed a significant part of the population.

Political Movements and Their Decline

In 1934, a civil war broke out between the remnants of the social democrats and the Christian conservatives, marking a significant shift towards authoritarianism. Engelbert Dollfuss, a charismatic leader of the Christian conservatives, became the Chancellor and later a dictator, implementing a form of fascism that was unique in its approach to minorities. Unlike in Germany, France, and Romania, Austria's fascism was not openly antisemitic. Instead, it mirrored the constitutional structures of countries like Portugal and Italy, with Austro-Fascism integrating its policies in a less authoritarian manner.

Failure of Political Leadership

During Dollfuss’s tenure, political dynamics in Austria remained unstable. The government's attempt to restore the monarchy was an apparent last ditch effort to stave off Nazi influence. This movement was publicly supported by Jews and monarchists, yet it did not save the republic from its fate. By 1934, Austria was under severe internal pressure and political turmoil.

The Assassination of Dollfuss

When Dollfuss was killed in 1934, Austria became even more vulnerable. Italy, its main ally, gradually abandoned the country. Schuschnigg, the Chancellor, tried to restore the monarchy and get support from various groups, including Jews and monarchists. However, even this newfound unity was not enough to withstand the might of the Nazis.

Referendum and Anschluss

Hitler orchestrated events leading to the Anschluss by using a woman to marry the widowed Schuschnigg. A rigged referendum with 99.73% of the population voting in favor of joining Germany was held, and the Roman Catholic Church in Austria was deceived by false promises. Tellingly, 8% of the population was not allowed to vote. The referendum was deeply flawed and manipulated, leaving Austria vulnerable and without a voice.

Immediate Repercussions of Anschluss

Following the Anschluss, Nazi Germany immediately targeted and persecuted political dissidents, including communists, social democrats, and monarchists. The list of victims was extensive, and Schuschnigg himself was imprisoned in Germany. The majority of Austrians chose collaboration under the weight of overwhelming Nazi power, adopting a strategy of survival.

Lack of Military Resistance

Despite the ominous challenges, it is crucial to emphasize that there was some resistance within Austria. However, this resistance was not as extensive or organized as in other parts of Nazi-occupied Europe. The population, weighed down by political discontent and the fear of Nazi reprisals, often preferred compliance over armed conflict that could have led to further suffering.

Conclusion

The complexities of the Anschluss and the subsequent resistance landscape are multifaceted. While Austria did not resist militarily, it underscores the broader geopolitical and historical factors at play in Europe during World War II. Understanding the political, social, and economic environment provides a richer context for this enigmatic period in history.