Understanding the Indigenous Status of Metis People in Canada

Metis people, a distinct group within Canada, have a unique cultural and historical background that sets them apart. The term 'Metis' refers to peoples of mixed ancestry, typically European and Indigenous, having their roots in the North American interior. Historically, the distinction between Metis and Indian was artificial and based on the old Indian Act. This legislation categorized children of 'First Nations' men who married European women as Indians, while children of 'First Nations' women who married European men were not given status and were identified as Metis. However, by the 1970s, this distinction was recognized as sexist, and Metis are now considered indigenous.

Historical Context and the Royal Proclamation of 1763

The Royal Proclamation of 1763 played a significant role in shaping the relationship between European settlers and Indigenous people. This document recognized the unique relationship between the Crown and First Nations and Metis peoples, who formed communities and occupied territories outside the settlements of French settlers in what would become the colony of Quebec. The proclamation acknowledged the need to make treaties and agreements to transfer territorial control from Native and Metis subjects to European subjects.

A key aspect of these treaties was the establishment of obligations between the communities, with the Crown representing Canada agreeing to pay First Nations and Metis money and rations for territorial control. These treaties were intended to be respected and enforced by the Crown on behalf of the First Nations and Metis.

The Government of Canada and Metis Rights

Despite the foundational treaties, the Government of Canada often failed to recognize the rights of Metis people. When the Government acquired Rupert's Land, it considered the Metis to be European in relation to the Crown. As a result, armed resistance to the expansion of Canada was seen as treason against the Canadian state rather than the Crown. This perspective contributed to poor relations and a series of conflicts, including the Red River Rebellion in 1869-1870 and the North West Rebellion in 1885.

Historically, the Crown could have played a more active role in resolving these issues. By stepping in to protect the indigenous rights of the Metis, the Crown might have fostered better relations with not only the Metis but also the French and English populations in Canada. The conflict and its resolution had lasting implications for the political and legal relationship between the Indigenous peoples and the Canadian state.

Special Status and Treaty Obligations

The concept of 'special status' can be understood in the context of the treaties that exist between sovereign people. The fact that Canada signed treaties with First Nations acknowledges their sovereignty before the arrival of the British Crown. This is akin to Canada signing a treaty with another nation, such as Australia. The terms of these treaties can only be changed with the consent of all parties involved.

Canadas treaties with First Nations and Metis were not always respected, resulting in poor treatment and complex relationships. First Nations, Metis, and Inuit people in Canada have dual citizenship with rights and responsibilities derived from membership in each community. This duality grants them their special status, which is rooted in historical treaties and unique relationships with the Crown.

In conclusion, the Indigenous status of Metis people in Canada is a result of historical treaties and unique relationships with the Crown, influenced by the Royal Proclamation of 1763 and subsequent conflicts. Understanding these factors provides insight into the complex and layered relationship between Indigenous peoples, the Canadian government, and the broader Canadian society.