The Rejection of Spanish Culture in the Philippines Under American Colonial Rule

The Philippines, once under Spanish control, was later acquired by the United States. This transition marked a significant change in the cultural landscape of the country, particularly in how the legacy of Spanish culture was treated under American rule. The article explores the intersection of cultural dominance, education, and political control during this period.

Introduction of American Influence

Following the Spanish-American War, the United States purchased the Philippines from Spain in 1898. This marked the beginning of a long American colonial period in the Philippines, which lasted approximately 48 years until the country gained independence in 1946. During this time, American influences, particularly in terms of language, education, and cultural organizations, were systematically introduced.

Prestige and Relevance of Spanish Culture

Despite the American takeover, Spanish culture still held a certain prestige among Filipinos, especially among the elites. Spanish was still required in universities for a long time, maintaining its importance in higher education. However, the rapid expansion of education in English led to a decline in the relevance of Spanish among the general population. This was further compounded by the fact that Spanish had an "old-fashioned" air to it, making it less appealing to a younger, more modern generation.

Destabilization of Spanish-Identified Communities

Intramuros, the most Spanish-identified community in Manila, was significantly impacted during World War II. The heavy fighting in 1945 not only devastated the area but also marked a symbolic end to a chapter of Spanish cultural dominance in the Philippines. The remnants of Spanish colonial architecture and traditions faced destruction, paving the way for a new cultural era under American influence.

Manifest Destiny and Neocolonialism

The American colonial regime in the Philippines was rooted in a belief of Manifest Destiny, which posited the superiority of the white race over non-whites. This ideology was used to create a sense of inferiority among the colonized people. Historical records show that the Americans deliberately prevented Cuban and Filipino independence movements from gaining military support, such as allowing the "Ejercito del Mambi" or the "Masonistas." Their justification was based on the philosophy of white superiority and the desire to maintain control over these territories.

Create Local Elites and Institutions

To solidify their control, the Americans formed local semi-autonomous governments with the help of local elites. They respected the rights and privileges of these elites, allowing them to maintain their positions of power within the new political structure. This arrangement was part of a broader strategy known as neocolonialism.

Once they had established these local governments, the Americans began a process of cultural transformation. The official language was switched from Spanish to English, and the Catholic population converted to Protestantism. American cultural organizations, such as the Lions Clubs, Rotary Clubs, and Masonic Temples, were established to facilitate the acculturation of the local population.

This cultural transformation also included the creation of republican bicameral governments, mirroring the American political system, and the application of social institutions like the Boys Scouts and Missions. These organizations played a key role in shaping the social and cultural landscape of the Philippines according to American values.

Propaganda Against Spanish Culture

During the struggle with Britain for control of Spanish colonies in Latin America, the French promoted the concept of "Latin America" to increase their influence in the region by emphasizing shared cultural and religious roots. Meanwhile, the British countered by propagating their own cultural narratives, portraying Spanish monarchs as dark despots and Spanish culture as oppressive. This negatively influenced the perception of Spanish heritage in the eyes of local populations.

The United States followed a similar strategy, comparing Spanish conquerors like Hernán Cortés and Francisco Pizarro to American "heroes" who were seen as liberators. The propaganda went as far as to depict events in a way that would justify American actions and discredit Spanish ones, fostering a sense of superiority among the colonized.

Furthermore, American cultural propaganda was instrumental in maintaining control. Hollywood movies and literature often portrayed Spanish and Mexican figures negatively, while portraying Americans as protectors and freedom fighters.

Conclusion

The rejection of Spanish culture in the Philippines under American colonial rule was not just a mere change in governance but a deep-rooted ideological battle. The cultural transformations imposed by the Americans aimed not only at controlling the local population but also at reshaping their identities. The legacy of Spanish culture, once revered, was marginalized, paving the way for a new era of American influence in the Philippines.