The Modern Greeks: Hellenes or Romaioi?

Introduction

Greek identity is a fascinating topic that has evolved through centuries, from the time of ancient Greece to the present day. The term ‘Hellenes’ is often used to denote the ancient Greeks, while the term 'Romioi' is more associated with the Medieval and Byzantine periods. In modern times, the identity of the people of Greece has become a complex mix of both influences. This article explores the nuanced discussion around whether modern Greeks should be considered 'Hellenes' or 'Romaioi,' providing insights into the cultural and historical context of these terms.

The Definition of Hellenes

According to the Greek language, 'Greece' is referred to as 'Hellas.' Historically, the term 'Hellenes' has been used to describe the ancient Greeks, who were distinguished by their language, culture, and political structures. However, this does not negate the importance of the Byzantine period and the way it has influenced modern Greek identity.

The Myth of Byzantium and Modern Greek Identity

It is often posited that modern Greeks are the 'last true Romans,' but this is largely a myth. The Byzantine Empire, which survived the fall of the Western Roman Empire, influenced the development of modern Greek culture, religion, and language, but it is not the sole determinant of modern Greek identity. The modern Greek state emerged in the early 1800s, marked by significant changes and a distinct path from the Ottoman Empire.

Modern Greek Identity: Romioi or Hellenes?

Since the establishment of the modern Greek state in 1830, the terms 'Romioi' (Roman Greeks) and 'Hellenes' (Greeks) have not been mutually exclusive. In modern Greece, a person can identify as both. 'Romioi' connects to the Roman and Byzantine heritage, emphasizing the Christian and Orthodox traditions, while 'Hellenes' emphasizes the ancient Greek and Hellenistic roots. Surveys generally show that more modern Greeks identify with being 'Hellenes' rather than 'Romioi.' This reflects a shift towards a more ancient Greek and Hellenistic cultural identity.

Historical Context: From 1453 to the 1821

Until the early 19th century, the terms 'Romioi' and 'Hellenes' had different connotations. In the Ottoman Empire, most Greek-Orthodox speakers identified themselves as 'Romioi.' With the rise of nationalistic movements and the desire for independence, the term 'Hellenes' became more prominent. This shift reflects the separation of religious and ethnic identities post-Ottoman rule, where religious identity (Orthodox Christian) was no longer the only identifier.

Cultural and Genetic Evidence

Genetic and cultural evidence supports the idea that modern Greeks are direct descendants of the Minoans, Mycenaeans, and classical Greeks. The Greek language and many ancient customs persist, especially in rural areas. The early religious identity of the great mother goddess was later supplanted by Olympian gods. Over time, the people adopted various Hellenistic and Christian cults, reflecting the rich and complex history of the region.

Conclusion

The identification of modern Greeks as either 'Hellenes' or 'Romioi' is not a simple binary choice. It reflects a complex interplay of historical, cultural, and religious influences. While 'Hellenes' may have become more prominent in the modern era, the 'Romioi' heritage remains an important part of Greek identity, reflecting the multi-faceted and dynamic nature of contemporary Greek culture. This article serves as a reminder that identities are not static but are continuously evolving.