The Lord of the Rings and Joseph Campbell’s Monomyth: A Comprehensive Analysis

Joseph Campbell's Monomyth, also known as the Hero's Journey, is a narrative structure that has been recognized in many stories throughout history. One of the most famous examples of this structure is in The Lord of the Rings by J.R.R. Tolkien. This article will explore how the stages of the Monomyth are represented in The Lord of the Rings and discuss any discrepancies or gaps compared to other analyses.

The Call to Adventure

Bilbo Baggins, the protagonist, begins his journey in the ordinary world of the Shire. The call to adventure is first issued when the wizard Gandalf visits Bilbo in his home. This visit symbolizes the beginning of Bilbo's transformation from a contented hobbit to a reluctant hero. The initial refusal of the call can be seen in Bilbo's initial reluctance to leave his comfortable life behind.

The Meeting with the Mentor

The first encounter with the mentor occurs when Gandalf is present in Bilbo's life. Gandalf acts as the wisest and most experienced individual who guides Bilbo on his journey. He provides Bilbo with the necessary tools, including the ring, which later becomes a pivotal element in the story.

The Crossing of the Threshold

Bilbo's crossing of the threshold happens when he joins the dwarves and leaves the Shire on their quest for the lost treasure at Erebor. This moment marks the departure from the ordinary world and the entry into the special world of their adventure.

The Tests, Allies, and Enemies

Throughout the journey, Bilbo faces numerous tests that challenge his courage and intelligence. These include battles with trolls, orcs, goblins, and spiders, as well as encounters with Gollum. Each of these tests contributes to Bilbo's growth as a character. Allies, such as the dwarves and later Legolas and Arwen, provide support and assist him in his journey. However, Bilbo also encounters formidable enemies, particularly the dragon Smaug.

The Ordeal and the Dark Night of the Soul

The dark night of the soul occurs when Bilbo is captured in the Misty Mountains during his attempt to rescue the dwarves. Facing the near death experience and the discovery of his nephew's betrayal, Bilbo undergoes a profound transformation. This ordeal leads to a rebirth, as Bilbo returns home with a newfound sense of confidence and a more mature approach to his life.

The Reward and the Return

Upon his return, Bilbo is rewarded with the Arkenstone, a magical gem that is the key to negotiating with the dragon and the elves. This reward symbolizes his growth and newfound strength. The refusal of the return, or the ldquo;Refusal of the Returnrdquo; stage, is not prominently displayed in the story. Bilbo is eager to return home, and he celebrates his victory by returning to the Shire.

Resurrection and the Return with the Elixir

Bilbo's return to the ordinary world is marked by his celebration and the peace he finds in the Shire. This signifies his resurrection and acceptance of his new role. He has returned from his journey with a new perspective and a greater understanding of the world. The elixir, in this context, symbolizes Bilbo's newfound wisdom and the experience he has gained through his adventures.

It is important to note that some stages of the Hero's Journey, such as the woman as temptation, atonement with the father, and the abyss, are not as prominently featured in the Hobbit. However, the overall narrative of the story aligns well with the Monomyth, with each stage having a clear representation.

Despite the limitations in the Hobbit, it is evident that The Lord of the Rings further develops these themes and stages, creating a more comprehensive narrative structure.

Key Points:

The Call to Adventure: Gandalf's visit and Bilbo's initial reluctance to leave the Shire. The Meeting with the Mentor: Gandalf's role in guiding Bilbo. The Crossing of the Threshold: The journey to Erebor. The Tests, Allies, and Enemies: Bilbo's encounters with various creatures and characters. The Ordeal and the Dark Night of the Soul: The Misty Mountains ordeal and Bilbo's rebirth. The Reward and the Return: The Arkenstone and Bilbo's accepting of his role.

In conclusion, The Lord of the Rings represents Campbell's Monomyth effectively, with each stage of the Hero's Journey clearly illustrated. While the Hobbit may have some gaps, these are likely intentional to focus on a more compact narrative, and The Lord of the Rings provides a more complete picture of the Monomyth in action.