Introduction

The history of Finland is intricately entwined with the influence of its neighbors, particularly Russia. The period from 1809 to 1917, during which Finland was part of the Russian Empire, had a profound impact on Finnish culture. This article explores how Russian rule affected Finland, examining the cultural shifts, national identity formation, and the lasting legacies that still resonate today.

Formation of Cultural Identity

Creating a Unique Identity

The word "Finland" itself is a Russification of the name given to the region by the Russians, who saw the vast, sparsely populated land as an annex to their empire. Finland, fundamentally, is a blend of Russian and Swedish influences. This blend is evident in the country's cultural identity, which has been shaped by both the Russian and Swedish administrations throughout history. The Russians, in particular, wanted to erase any connection to Sweden, supporting the "finnization" of Finland to ensure its full assimilation into the Russian Empire.

Forced Cultural Shifts

Lingua Franca Controversy

The imposition of the Finnish language and culture was a significant aspect of Russian rule. Finns were compelled to learn Finnish, a language they resented and still do to this day. This forced integration into the Finnish identity was part of a broader strategy to cement Russian control over the region. The Swedish language, once dominant among the upper classes, began to decline in usage, a process accelerated by the lack of support from the Russian authorities.

National Identity and Mythmaking

National Mythology and Kalevala

From 1809 to 1917, the Russian administration played a crucial role in shaping the national identity of Finland. The Grand Duchy of Finland's autonomy, including its own currency, parliament, language, tax system, and education, helped in developing a cohesiveness that transcended its status as a part of the Russian Empire. The Kalevala, Finland's national epic, emerged during this period, celebrating Finnish folklore and mythology. This period helped Finland transition from a mere province within the Swedish Empire to a distinct cultural entity.

Myth of the "Little Britain"

David-and-Goliath Myth

The establishment of national identity was further reinforced by the myth of Finland as a small nation struggling against a larger and more powerful enemy, Russia. This narrative, often symbolized by the Finnish eagle in contrast to the Russian bear, was pervasive in Finnish art, literature, and political discourse. The continuity of this narrative was particularly evident during the Winter War in 1939, where Finland's resilience and resistance against the Soviet Union were celebrated as national victories.

Post-Independence Self-Assertion

Following Finland's independence in 1917, the myth of the "little Britain" continued to influence the country's self-perception. The Finnish people, particularly those who fought in the Winter War, were instrumental in shaping the new national identity. The famous quote by Adolf Ivar Arwidsson, "We are no longer Swedes; we cannot become Russians; we must be Finns," encapsulates the Finnish people's determination to assert their national identity and cultural distinctiveness.

Challenges and Criticisms

Politicization and Russification

During the final decades of the Russian Empire, the policy of Russification became more pronounced, leading to increased tension and criticism from the Finnish populace. The language policies and cultural assimilation practices were seen as oppressive measures that stifled Finnish national identity. This period was generally considered a mistake by the Russian leadership, as it contributed to the growing resentment and nationalism that eventually led to Finland's independence.

Conclusion

The relationship between Russia and Finland is complex, characterized by periods of autonomy and control. While the Russian administration aimed to integrate Finland into the Russian Empire, these efforts also contributed to the creation of a distinct Finnish culture and identity. The legacy of this period continues to shape Finland's cultural and political landscape, reflecting the resilience and cultural distinctiveness of the Finnish people.