The Evolution of the World Order: From Idealism to Degraded Globalisation

In the post-World War II era, the world order was shaped by the idealism and cooperation of major global powers. However, this order has since been impacted by evolving dynamics, notably marked by the rise of degenerated globalization in the post-Cold War and post-1980s period. This article explores the historical trajectory of the world order, highlighting key turning points that have shaped its current state.

Challenges to the Post-World War II Global Order

From the late 1940s to the early 1980s, the world operated under a predominantly idealistic global order. This period was characterized by the aftermath of two world wars and the subsequent efforts to foster a world based on peace and philanthropy. The establishment of international organizations such as the United Nations, the World Bank, and the International Monetary Fund (IMF) aimed at promoting cooperation, fairness, and economic stability among nations. The Cold War between the United States and the Soviet Union further influenced the global order, with both superpowers promoting their ideologies and economic systems on a global scale.

The Transition to Degraded Globalisation

Although the early 1980s saw advancements in technology and a growing sense of global interconnectedness, the seeds of the current degenerate globalization were sown during this era. The fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989 marked the end of the Cold War, leading to a significant shift in geopolitical dynamics. The subsequent collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991 further altered the global balance of power. These events opened up new horizons for international cooperation and economic development, but also paved the way for increased competition, suspicion, and greed.

Emergence of Neoliberalism and Its Impact

One of the main drivers of the transition to a less cooperative global order was the rise of neoliberalism in the 1980s and 1990s. This economic philosophy emphasized free markets, deregulation, and globalization, allowing for unprecedented levels of economic interdependence. While it brought about significant economic growth and development, neoliberalism also led to increased inequality, labor exploitation, and environmental degradation. These factors contributed to a growing sense of disillusionment among many citizens, who felt that the benefits of globalization were not being equitably distributed.

The ill-fated neoliberal experiments of the 1990s and early 2000s also highlighted the inherent challenges of promoting economic globalization without accompanying social and environmental policies. Financial crises such as the Asian Financial Crisis in 1997 and the global financial crisis of 2008 underscored the fragility of the global economic system and the need for more robust regulatory frameworks.

The Rise of Protectionism and Nationalism

As globalisation became more pervasive, the seeds of protectionism and nationalism began to take root. The 2008 global financial crisis accelerated these trends, with many countries adopting more protectionist policies to shield their domestic industries from foreign competition. This backlash against globalization has been further fueled by political movements in the United States, Europe, and elsewhere that blame globalization for job losses, diminished standards of living, and the erosion of national sovereignty. Populist leaders and movements have capitalized on these sentiments, often espousing nationalist rhetoric and promoting policies that elevate national interests over global cooperation.

Impact on International Relations and Global Governance

The retreat from idealistic global order and the rise of degraded globalization have had far-reaching implications for international relations and global governance. The erosion of trust between nations and the paralysis of transnational institutions have made it increasingly difficult to address global challenges such as climate change, humanitarian crises, and transnational crime. The pursuit of national interests over collective well-being has led to a breakdown in multilateralism, as evidenced by the withdrawal of key countries from international agreements and institutions.

Conclusion

The world order has undergone a significant transformation from an era of idealism and cooperation to one marked by degenerate globalization. This evolution has been driven by a combination of economic, political, and social factors, including the rise of neoliberalism, the backlash against globalization, and the resurgence of nationalism. While there is certainly room for resurgence of a more cooperative global order, the challenges are significant and require sustained efforts from all stakeholders to promote inclusive and sustainable development.

References

Evans, M. (1993). Agenda for a Global Society: Rebuilding the World after the Cold War. Ruggie, J. G. (1993). Multilateralism Matters: The Theory and Practice of an Institutional Form. Stiglitz, J. E. (2002). .

Keywords: global order, world order, degraded globalisation, Cold War, international cooperation