The Cynics: Ancient Philosophers and Modern Relevance

The Cynics, a unique school of ancient Greek philosophy, have left a lasting legacy on Western thought, particularly in the realms of ethics, politics, and everyday living. Originally founded by Antisthenes, this philosophy was later popularized by Diogenes of Sinope, who became one of the most renowned figures in Cynic history. Cynics value reason, frugality, virtue, shamelessness, and autonomy, and they challenge the foundations of societal norms and conventions, refusing to be bound by them. This essay seeks to explore the principles of Cynicism and its influence on modern thought.

The Principles of Cynicism

Cynics value reason above all else. They believe that true wisdom lies in logical and rational thinking, and they often use this principle to challenge and critique the complex structures of human civilization. This is reflected in the Cynic practice of frugality, where they emphasize living a simple and uncomplicated life, free from unnecessary luxuries and material possessions.

Virtue is another cornerstone of Cynicism. However, rather than adhering to traditional societal norms of virtue, Cynics embrace a more radical and unconstrained view of moral behavior. They believe in shamelessness, which for them does not mean immorality, but rather the courage to express oneself freely and without fear of social repercussions. In this sense, Cynics often engage in what might be considered antinomian performance art, challenging existing taboos and norms through shocking or provocative actions.

Autonomy is the ultimate goal of Cynic philosophy. For a Cynic, achieving autonomy means breaking free from the constraints imposed by society and living according to one's own rational choices, free from societal conditioning. This involves a rejection of unworthy human cultural contrivances, such as artificial values and imposed systems.

Life as a Cynic

Living a Cynic’s life involves the practice of these six principles. A Cynic would strive to be reasonable in every decision, ensuring that all actions and thoughts are grounded in logical reasoning. They would be frugal, rejecting excess and opting for a simpler, more austere way of life. Virtue, in the Cynic sense, would manifest in the pursuit of rational decision-making and authenticity. Shamelessness would allow for the unbridled expression of one's thoughts and actions, unburdened by societal expectations. Lastly, autonomy would be the guiding principle, ensuring that one lives as one chooses, free from external constraints and cultural expectations.

Interestingly, modern children can attempt these practices relatively easily. For instance, being frugal can involve simple steps like reducing waste and saving money. Not caring what others think, which is a key aspect of shamelessness, can be as straightforward as being true to oneself without seeking social approval. These principles, when applied, can lead to a more authentic and contented life.

The Legacy of Cynicism

The impact of Cynicism extends beyond antiquity, influencing modern thought and culture. According to theologian and professor John Dominic Crossan, a Cynic might have influenced Jesus of Nazareth. In his book Jesus: A Revolutionary Biography, Crossan suggests that Jesus may have incorporated Cynic philosophy into his teachings, influenced by the cultural milieu of Nazareth, a suburb of Sepphoris, which was heavily influenced by Greek thought.

During this period, Jesus would have been a tekton, a maker of stone or wood, which suggests he was not a landowner. It is plausible that he and his father would have traveled to Sepphoris for construction work, coming into contact with a Cynic philosopher. Crossan points to several passages in the gospels that might indicate Cynic influence, such as the parables of Jesus and his approach to ethics and simplicity.

The Cynics were not merely anti-establishment; they were also moral teachers. Despite being often seen as the epitome of cynicism in the modern sense, the earliest Cynics were earnest in their pursuit of authenticity and virtue. Their influence on literature, particularly in satirical and sarcastic works, helped shape the modern understanding of the term. However, they also performed a useful service by highlighting thehypocrisy and excess in society, offering a critical perspective that still resonates today.

Conclusion

The Cynics, with their radical philosophy and unyielding pursuit of reason and authenticity, continue to inspire and challenge us. Their principles of reason, frugality, virtue, shamelessness, and autonomy provide a compelling framework for modern living, encouraging individuals to question societal norms and live according to their own rational convictions. Whether one chooses to live a Cynic life or simply adopt elements of their philosophy, their legacy remains a source of wisdom and inspiration in today’s complex world.