The Complex Decision: Nice's Annexation to France in 1860

In 1860, Nice, a region with deep cultural and historical ties to both France and Italy, faced a momentous decision: to be annexed to France in exchange for French support in Italian unification. This decision was not one of simple alignment but a complex choice influenced by economic, political, and social factors. This article explores the factors that led to Nice's overwhelming vote in favor of annexation and the implications of this significant change.

Background and Context

The kingdom of Piedmont, led by Victor Emmanuel II, entered into negotiations with Napoleon III of France to exchange part of its territory, including the Savoy and the county of Nice, with the “government of Lombardy” controlled by the Austrians. The treaty was ambiguous, and Napoleon III had the flexibility to choose between creating an independent state for a member of his family or annexing the region to France. Given the economic ties of Savoy to Lyon and Geneva rather than Turin, the debate over Nice's future became multifaceted.

Economic and Social Factors

For Nice, the decision was influenced by several economic and social factors. Historically, the French administration had left a positive impression, which helped in the integration process. Additionally, the restoration period had been marked by economic depression, contrasted with the wealthier and economically stable region of France. Genova, on the other hand, faced struggles, with the government in Turin favoring it for strategic reasons.

Political Considerations

Politically, the decision was complex. While some argue that Nice was keen to become part of France, others suggest that residents viewed their sacrifice as a necessary step to secure better prospects. The region's residents did not fully appreciate being administered by Piedmontese officers. Furthermore, Garibaldi, a national hero from Nice, played a significant role in drawing attention to the region, leading to further political tensions.

Immediate Aftermath and Tourism

The reunification treaty had several stipulations. Nice retained the right to keep their nationality and residence rights, though few requested these. Following annexation, Nice experienced some political upheaval, but the French government, which was looking to avoid republican uprisings, supported a more moderate approach. The focus shifted towards developing tourism as a key economic activity.

Transportation and Tourism Development

The integration of Nice was further facilitated by improved transportation. In 1862, Nice was connected to the French railway network, and in 1864, the Italian railway network was interconnected. This strengthened Nice's ties to the French economy and facilitated the development of the tourism industry, particularly in areas like West Liguria, San Remo, and Bordighiera.

Conclusion

The decision to annex Nice to France in exchange for support in Italian unification was a multifaceted choice influenced by economic, social, and political factors. While some may view this decision as a strategic move by Napoleon III, it highlights the complex interplay of interests and the lasting impact of this historical event on the region's development.