Introduction to Religious Practices in Turkish Mosques

Turkey, a country deeply rooted in Islamic traditions, has a unique approach to religious practices in its mosques. One of the key aspects is the use of language during sermons and other rituals. Historically, the practice has evolved over the years, reflecting both cultural and political influences.

Language of Preaching (Khutbah)

Today, the sermons or khutbah in Turkish mosques are almost always delivered in Turkish. This practice solidified in the early 20th century after the establishment of the Republic of Turkey in 1923. The move towards modernization and secularization included adopting Turkish for all official and public discourses, including religious services. The reasoning behind this was to ensure that the sermons could be understood by the majority of the Turkish population, fostering cohesion and unity.

Why Preach in Turkish?

The question of preaching in a language that everyone understands is indeed crucial. For the congregation to grasp the spiritual and ethical messages conveyed in the sermon, it must be in their native tongue. This strategy has helped maintain inclusivity and relevance in religious practices. Even though some mosques may provide translations for the benefit of tourists or Arabic-speaking visitors, the primary language remains Turkish.

The Role of Arabic in Turkish Mosques

While the sermons are in Turkish, the recitation of the Quran is always in Arabic, the original language of the text. The Quran, being the holy book of Islam, must be maintained in its original form to preserve its sanctity and integrity. Even as the Turkish language has been promoted for its sermons, the Arabic text of the Quran remains unchangeable.

Quran Recitation and Prayers

Alongside the Quran, other Islamic practices involving Arabic, such as the call for prayer (Azan), are also recited in Arabic. However, the majority of the rituals within the mosque, including the Friday sermon and funeral speeches, are conducted in Turkish. This dual-language approach accommodates both cultural norms and the religious requirements, ensuring that the essence of the practices is preserved.

Historical Context and Challenges

From 1923 until 1960, the use of Turkish for religious services was the norm. However, the intervention of a religious party and the political changes under President Adnan Menderes, who later met a tragic end, led to changes. Despite this, the Arabic language continued to play a significant role in religious practices as a mark of respect and reverence towards the original text.

Education and Cultural Inheritance

The educational system in Turkey, like many Islamic nations, emphasizes the teaching of Arabic. Islamic schools teach Arabic as the primary language for reading and understanding Islamic literature. Although local translations are available, the original Arabic texts remain essential. This practice goes beyond Turkey and is a global norm in Islamic education, underscoring the importance of Arabic in maintaining the authenticity of Islamic teachings.

Conclusion

The use of languages in Turkish mosques reflects a balance between cultural adaptation and religious authenticity. While sermons are in Turkish for the benefit of the Turkish-speaking populace, the recitation of the Quran, Azan, and other rituals remain in Arabic. This approach ensures that the Islamic practices are both accessible and authentic, catering to the modern needs of the Turkish people while respecting the historical and religious traditions.