Understanding Biblical Metaphors: A Guide for Literal Readers

Given the prevalence of metaphorical language in the Bible, this article addresses a common misconception: the belief that biblical metaphors should be understood as literal statements. Metafora, or metaphor, is a literary device that has been used throughout the Bible to convey deep spiritual truths. However, when literal interpretations are made, it can lead to misunderstandings and conflicts. This article delves into how to properly interpret metaphorical passages in the Bible, highlighting the contributions of early and modern scholars who have tackled this issue.

What is a Metaphor?

A metaphor is a figure of speech that describes one thing by saying it is another. It is not meant to be taken as a literal statement but as a way to describe complex ideas or to evoke emotions. For instance, when the Bible states, 'He is a rock,' it does not mean that the person is literally a solid mineral. Rather, it is a metaphor to describe someone’s strength and stability.

The Role of Scientific Knowledge in Biblical Interpretation

Many have pondered whether the Bible should be understood as a collection of literal statements or as a book containing metaphorical language. Over the centuries, brilliant minds have grappled with this issue, with early scholars like Augustine of Hippo (4th century) and modern scholars like William Barclay (20th century) suggesting that scientific knowledge should play a key role in biblical interpretation.

Augustine, though not using the term science in the modern sense, recognized the importance of natural philosophy. He saw the Bible as a guide to understanding the world scientifically. For instance, the description of the creation of the world over six days was not literal science for Augustine, but a way to explain the concept of creation in a manner that was familiar to his audience.

William Barclay, another influential scholar, also emphasized the importance of using scientific knowledge to interpret biblical passages. He wrote extensively on how to understand the Bible in a way that is consistent with modern scientific understanding. His work has been instrumental in guiding Christians to see the Bible as a source of spiritual truth, not as a textbook on the physical world.

The Gospels and Literal Interpretations

The Gospels, which are the first four books of the New Testament, present a challenge for those who seek to understand them as literal accounts. These books are written in a way that emphasizes their credibility and reliability. In Luke, the author begins with a clear statement of purpose:

“Many have undertaken to draw up an account of the things that have been fulfilled among us, just as they were handed down to us by those who from the first were eyewitnesses and servants of the word. With this in mind, since I myself have carefully investigated everything from the beginning, I too decided to write an orderly account for you, most excellent Theophilus, so that you may know the certainty of the things you have been taught.” (Luke 1:1-4)

These lines indicate that the Gospels were intended to provide factual and reliable accounts of the life and teachings of Jesus. However, this does not mean that all the events described in these books are to be understood as literal historical events. The miracles mentioned in the Gospels, such as the creation of the world in six days, are often cited as evidence against a modern acceptance of the Gospels. However, these miracles should be understood within the context of the objective of the Gospels, which is to convey spiritual truth rather than scientific accuracy.

The Role of Philosophical Naturalism

When discussing the miracles in the Gospels and their compatibility with modern science, it is important to understand the concept of methodological naturalism. Philosophers of Science use this term to describe the scientific method, which assumes that natural laws govern all phenomena and can be tested and verified through empirical evidence. Methodological naturalism does not deny the possibility of miracles, but it does require that any explanation of a miracle be based on the principles of natural science.

The miracles described in the Gospels, such as the miracles of Jesus, do not contradict scientific laws. They are simply outside the scope of scientific investigation. Scientists can investigate the physical aspects of the miracles but cannot test their supernatural components. Thus, rejecting the Gospels on the grounds of alleged miracles is not based on scientific methods but on a worldview that excludes the possibility of the supernatural.

Conclusion

To properly interpret the Bible, it is crucial to understand the distinction between literal and metaphorical language. Early and modern scholars have provided valuable insights into how to approach this distinction, emphasizing the importance of scientific knowledge, particularly in the context of the Gospels. By recognizing the metaphorical nature of many biblical passages, Christians can enhance their spiritual understanding without compromising their commitment to an accurate and reliable interpretation of the Bible.