How Closely Related Are All Humans, Regardless of Race?

Unusual Genetic Closeness Among Humans

As a species, we humans are remarkably closely related to each other, genetically speaking. Despite our apparent diversity, our genetic variability is surprisingly lesser compared to species like chimpanzees. This close genetic relationship is a fundamental aspect of our humanity that deserves a closer look.

Extending Cousinship Beyond Metaphor

Our genetic closeness suggests a literal cousin relationship among all humans. If we consider a random individual, they are at worst nth cousins. The value of n may be large but remains finite, meaning that everyone on this planet is related to everyone else through a common ancestor. This perspective encourages a more tolerant and empathetic view of humanity.

Selecting a Common Ancestor

Imagine going back in time to find the most recent common ancestor (MRCAs) of all humans, both the mitochondrial Eve and the Y-chromosomal Adam. Mitochondrial Eve, our matrilineal ancestor, lived approximately 100,000 to 230,000 years ago. Y-chromosomal Adam, our patrilineal ancestor, lived around 200,000 to 300,000 years ago. These ancestors are not the only humans of their time, but they represent the most direct lineage back to us through specific genetic lines.

Wider Genetic Closeness Among Humans

For practical purposes, the cousin relationship becomes less significant beyond distant connections. A random male of Asian or European descent might be 50th cousins to anyone else, as calculated by the number of possible ancestral lines. At this distance, the genetic relationship becomes negligible, making us more like genetic strangers. However, closer relationships such as 2nd or 4th cousins are evident, and by 5th cousin, the genetic differences become minimal.

Diverse Genetic Connections

Another fascinating aspect of our genetic connections is the surprising lineage shared by many. One in every 200 males of Asian or European descent is a direct male line descendant of Genghis Khan. This means that if you trace back far enough, the ultimate grandfather of these men is the same individual. Such findings highlight the interconnectedness of our genetic histories.

Conclusion

Ultimately, all humans are genetically closely related, whether we are black, white, or of South Asian descent. Our common ancestry and genetic connections underscore the unity of the human species, beyond racial and cultural differences. This insight fosters a deeper understanding and appreciation for our shared human heritage.