How Did Russia Influence Finland: Neutrality and Strategic Considerations

Russia's historical influence on Finland has been profound, shaping Finland's neutral policy and strategic stance with regard to NATO and the United States. The tension in the region, particularly around Russia's border, has made Finland and Sweden reconsider their historical neutrality. This article delves into the impact of Russia on Finland, drawing from historical and contemporary perspectives.

Historical Context: Russia and Finland Relationship

Finland's history under Russian rule from 1809 to 1917 is significant in understanding the nuances of its current stance. Heikki Hietala's detailed account in his answer to "What was it like to live in Finland under Russian imperial rule 1809-1917?" offers a rich narrative of the period. The Russians annexed Finland from Sweden as part of the Treaty of Hamina (Raahe) and the Treaty of Uliastai, with Finland becoming an autonomous grand duchy within the Russian Empire.

During this era, Finland retained its own laws and legal system, leading to a unique cultural and political identity within the Russian Empire. Nonetheless, the constant shadow of Russian domination and the volatility of the Russian revolutionary period significantly influenced Finland's future political and military course.

Finland's Post-Imperial Journey

After gaining independence in 1917, Finland faced numerous internal and external challenges. The civil war of 1918 between the Reds and the Whites further strained the nation's unity. The eventual negotiations with the Soviet Union in 1920 led to the Treaty of Tartu, officially ending the Russian rule and establishing Finland's sovereignty.

Finland's early years of independence were marked by a cautious foreign policy, focusing on maintaining neutrality in international affairs. This decision was influenced by a pragmatic desire to avoid entanglement in potential conflicts, particularly with the Soviet Union, which remained a powerful and often aggressive neighbor.

Contemporary Context: Neutrality and NATO

The recent tension escalation in the region, involving NATO and United States missiles deployed near Russia's border, has put Finland and Sweden in a complex strategic position. Historically, both Finland and Sweden have maintained neutrality, a policy that has served them well in maintaining peace and stability. However, they are now reevaluating their options.

Finland's current situation is, to a certain extent, a reflection of broader geopolitical dynamics. As Russia has become more assertive in its regional policies, Finland has found itself in a position where its neutrality is being tested. The essay by Heikki Hietala provides insight into how a similar historical context may influence contemporary choices.

In a post-Cold War era, Finland and its neighbors have increasingly sought to maintain a balance between Russia and the West. This delicate balance is challenged by the rapid developments in the region, including Russia's invasion of Ukraine, which has highlighted the risks of proximity to a powerful and increasingly assertive neighbor.

Conclusion

Finland's historical experience under Russian rule offers valuable lessons for its current strategic choices. The nation's neutral policy, while serving its interests, is now under pressure due to recent geopolitical shifts. The challenge for Finland is to navigate these complex dynamics, balancing its ties with allies while maintaining its own sovereignty and security.

As the world continues to evolve, Finland, like Ukraine, must remain vigilant and strategic in its approach to international relations. Drawing on its past, Finland can continue to forge a path that balances historical neutrality with contemporary geopolitical realities.