Austria vs. Russia: Why the German Empire Aligned with its Less Distant Threat

The German Empire's decision to maintain an alliance with Austria during the early 20th century, despite it being a lesser threat compared to Russia, has puzzled historians for decades. This article aims to explore the geopolitical context, historical alliances, and ideological tensions that influenced this strategic decision. Understanding the intricate dynamics of these relationships provides valuable insights into the origins of World War I.

Historical Alliances and the Emergence of the Triple Alliance

From the late 19th century onwards, two major alliance systems emerged: the Triple Alliance with Germany, Austria, and Italy, and the Triple Entente with Great Britain, France, and Russia. These alliances were established as a counterbalance to each other, primarily to deter a potential two-front war.

The Expired Reinsurance Treaty and the Decline of German-Russian Relations

The Reinsurance Treaty of 1887, negotiated by Chancellor Otto von Bismarck, ensured that both Russia and Germany would remain neutral unless their respective adversities, Austria-Hungary and France, initiated aggressive actions. This treaty was allowed to expire in 1890, a move that significantly weakened the German-Russian relationship. Following the expiration, a Franco-Russian alliance rapidly formed, which further destabilized the balance of power in Europe.

German National Interest and Austro-German Identity

In the political landscape of early 20th-century Europe, the close affinity between Germans in 'little Germany' and 'Austria' played a significant role in maintaining the alliance. The defeat of Austria in the Austro-Prussian War of 1866 made it imperative for Germany to support an officially 'defeated' state through a permanent defensive alliance.

Propaganda and Ideological Tensions Between Germany and Russia

The cultural and ideological rivalry between German and Russian intellectuals further strained the potential for alliances. The concept of 'Pan-Germanism' and 'Pan-Slavism' fueled a propaganda war that made it increasingly difficult for governments to maintain cooperative relationships. As both empires became more isolationist and imperialistic, these tensions grew, ultimately contributing to the outbreak of World War I.

The Role of Kaiser Wilhelm II and the Blank Check Diplomacy

Under the leadership of Kaiser Wilhelm II, the German government underestimatively accepted the Austrian ultimatum to Serbia without significant protest. This decision, known as the "blank check" diplomacy, set the stage for the chain of events that led to World War I.

France's and Serbia's Preparations for War

France and Serbia had been deliberately preparing for war against Austria-Hungary since around 1904. They encouraged Serbia's military confrontation with its larger neighbor. This set the stage for the fatal assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand, which was carried out by a nationalist group with links to Serbia.

Conclusion: The Tragic Miscalculations and Lessons Learned

The strategic decisions made by key figures in Austria, Germany, and Russia ultimately led to the outbreak of World War I. The alliance with Austria, despite its perceived lesser threat, proved to be a critical misjudgment, contributing to the catastrophic events of the early 20th century. Understanding these alliances and their collapses is essential for comprehending the complex web of relationships that shaped the geopolitical landscape of the era.

Keywords: German Empire, alliance, Austria, Russia, World War I