Are Subbotnik Jews Ashkenazi?

The short answer is no. Subbotniks are not Ashkenazi Jews. They are Christian Russian converts to various Jewish sects, with a unique history and cultural background.

Background and Identity

Subbotniks are primarily Russian-speaking Christian converts rather than the Yiddish-speaking, culturally Ashkenazi Jews. Most Subbotniks are not considered Jewish unless they underwent a rabbinical-halachic-acceptable conversion. This conversion is a crucial step in their journey to becoming fully recognized Jews within the Jewish community.

The Conversion Process and Legacy

Subbotniks are "converted" Russians, meaning they are Slavic people originally of the Russian Orthodox Church. The vast majority of Subbotniks are not recognized as Jewish unless they have completed the proper conversion process. According to estimates, around 10 to 20 thousand Subbotniks live worldwide, the majority of whom reside in Israel, with smaller communities still in Russia.

The original generation of Subbotniks who converted followed Ashkenazi minhag (customs) and their descendants, due to intermarriage with the general Jewish population in the Former Soviet Union (FSU) and in Israel, likely carry both ethnic Russian and various Jewish sub-ethnic genetic markers.

Religious Practices and Beliefs

Subbotniks are known for their unique religious practices. They are essentially 7th Day Adventists who follow Jewish traditions such as observing the Sabbath and refraining from eating pork. This adherence to certain Jewish practices sets them apart from traditional Christian religions while maintaining their connection to Christian roots.

Conversion to Judaism

Some Subbotniks have decided to fully integrate into the Jewish community by undergoing a giyur (conversion) according to Jewish law. During this process, they choose to align with either Ashkenazi or Sephardic customs, depending on the rabbi who converts them.

It is important to note that conversion to Judaism is a significant and legally binding process. Conversion is not merely a matter of personal or cultural preference; it involves adhering to halachic (Jewish legal) guidelines and undergoing various rituals, including immersion in a mikveh (ritual bath) and studying Jewish law.

After conversion, Subbotniks gain full recognition as Jews within the Jewish community. However, their unique history and cultural background continue to play a significant role in their identity and practices.