Are Pakistani Pashtuns Truly Pashtuns?: Understanding Pashtunwali as Their Way of Life

There is a notion that Pakistani Pashtuns are anything but authentic Pashtuns. This is a humorous and frustrating assumption. Belonging to the Pashtun ethnicity is a matter of lineage and cultural heritage, not where one happens to live. Yes, we have had to endure foreign rule for over a century, but this has not diminished our Pashtun identity. I do not collectively hate Punjabis, but there are those who perceive us as a threat. The question at hand is: what truly makes a Pashtun?

The Essence of Pashtunwali

Pashtunwali is the heart and soul of the Pashtun people. It is a code of conduct, a way of life, and a set of moral principles. It encompasses a way of living that is deeply rooted in honor, dignity, duty, and justice. This traditional code is based on several primary tenets, which together form the bedrock of Pashtun identity.

Hospitality (Melmastia)

The first tenet of Pashtunwali is hospitality, which can be translated as melmastia in Pashto. This is more than mere politeness; it is a deeply ingrained value that requires households to extend warmth and welcome to all visitors, regardless of their background, without expecting anything in return. It is a duty to be hospitable and to protect the guests under all circumstances, even during times of war or conflict. This kindness can be seen in countless travel vlogs and videos on YouTube showcasing the hospitality of Pakistani Pashtuns.

Asylum (Nanawati)

The second tenet is asylum, or nanawati, which means protection given to a fugitive. This principle ensures that those seeking refuge from their enemies, even if they are legally pursued, shall find sanctuary. In cases of disputes, the principle of nanawati allows for a chivalrous surrender, where the vanquished party can seek forgiveness in the victors' home. This principle underscores the notion of chivalry and honor.

Justice and Revenge (Badal)

The third tenet is justice and revenge, or badal. This principle emphasizes the duty to seek justice or take revenge against those who wrong you. There is no statute of limitations; any insult, be it a taunt or a severe assault, must be avenged. However, monetary compensation can sometimes serve as an alternative to seeking revenge, known as badal. This reflects a complex balance between personal honor and forgiveness.

Beyond the Three Pillars

Other principles of Pashtunwali are integral to the Pashtun way of life. These include:

Bravery (Tura): The Pashtun must defend his land, property, and family with courage and valor. Loyalty (Wapas): The Pashtun must be steadfast in loyalty to family, friends, and the community. Kindness (Xega): The Pashtun should exhibit kindness and help others. Arbitration (Jirga): Disputes are to be resolved through a Jirga, a traditional tribal council. Faith (Ghor): Trust in Allah, reflecting Islamic monotheism. Respect (Pat) and Pride (Wya): The Pashtun must respect and be respected. Without honor, one is not a true Pashtun. Female Honour (Namaas) and Honour (Nang): Women must be protected, and the weak must be defended. Manhood or Chivalry (Meena): Asians: Demonstrating courage and manhood. Country (Hewad): Protecting the homeland and preserving Pashtun customs.

Pashtun Identity in Pakistan

The principles of Pashtunwali have remained intact for centuries, even under foreign rule. Pakistani Pashtuns have not wavered in their adherence to this code. Throughout history, from wars against the Sikh Empire and the British, to more recent conflicts, they have remained loyal to their Pashtunwali, never becoming formal allies to any foreign power. Our female honor, respect for family, and the other tenets are deeply ingrained philosophies that define us as a people.

Concluding Thoughts

These tenets of Pashtunwali are not just cultural traits; they are a way of life that fills a Pashtun with pride, courage, and strength. They are an emotional bond that ties us to our people, land, and history. It is this lived commitment to Pashtunwali that makes Pakistani Pashtuns true to their heritage. So, yes, they are undoubtedly real Pashtuns.