Why 23andMe and My True Ancestry Have DNA Samples of Ramesses III but Not King Tut and Amenhotep III

The presence of DNA samples from historical figures, such as Ramesses III, in databases like 23andMe and My True Ancestry, while other prominent figures such as King Tut and Amenhotep III are missing, is a fascinating topic with multiple layers of explanation. This article delves into the factors that govern the inclusion or exclusion of ancient DNA in commercial DNA databases.

Availability of Samples

The primary factor influencing the presence of ancient DNA samples in commercial databases is the availability of the samples themselves. The DNA of Ramesses III was successfully extracted from his mummy, which has been extensively studied by archaeologists and geneticists. In contrast, the extraction of usable DNA from the remains of King Tut and Amenhotep III has proven more challenging due to degradation over time. Tutankhamun's tomb, famously sealed and well-preserved, still yielded less-than-ideal DNA samples. Similarly, although Amenhotep III's mummies are known, the decaying process and subsequent exposure to environmental elements can significantly degrade the DNA quality.

Research Focus

The study of ancient Egyptian DNA has often focused on specific mummies or periods. Ramesses III, being a significant historical figure, may have been prioritized in genetic studies. The priority accorded to certain individuals can lead to their DNA being included in commercial databases like 23andMe and My True Ancestry. Conversely, other pharaohs, such as King Tut and Amenhotep III, might not have received the same level of attention, resulting in their DNA samples not being available in these databases.

Preservation Conditions

The conditions under which the mummies were preserved can also play a crucial role in the quality and availability of the DNA. While King Tutankhamun's tomb was famously sealed and well-preserved, the mummification process and the subsequent exposure to elements can degrade the DNA. Ramesses III's mummy, discovered in the Valley of the Kings, may have been in better preservation conditions, which allowed for successful DNA extraction. Differences in preservation conditions can explain the variance in DNA sample availability in databases like 23andMe and My True Ancestry.

Ethical and Legal Considerations

The use of ancient DNA in commercial databases can be governed by ethical and legal considerations. The remains of certain historical figures, such as King Tut and Amenhotep III, may be treated with greater sensitivity and respect, leading to restrictions on their use in genetic databases. The ethical implications of using ancient DNA for commercial purposes can result in limitations on public access. For example, if the DNA samples from King Tut and Amenhotep III were found to be under legal or ethical scrutiny, they might not be included in commercial databases due to these concerns.

Research Publication

Often, the inclusion of DNA samples in public databases depends on whether the research has been published and shared with the scientific community. If studies involving King Tut and Amenhotep III have not been published or shared widely, their genetic material may not be available for public access. The process of peer review and publication can make the datasets more visible and accessible to commercial DNA database companies like 23andMe and My True Ancestry.

In conclusion, the presence of Ramesses III's DNA in commercial databases like 23andMe and My True Ancestry is likely due to successful extraction, research focus, preservation conditions, and ethical considerations. Meanwhile, the absence of King Tut and Amenhotep III's DNA samples can be attributed to less favorable conditions, focus, preservation, and potential ethical or legal restrictions. Further research and collaboration between archaeologists, geneticists, and commercial DNA database companies can help bridge these gaps and provide a more comprehensive understanding of ancient DNA.

For more information on ancient DNA and its uses, please see our related articles and resources. We hope you find this information valuable and informative!